International Journal of Primary and Secondary Research (IJPSR)
International Journal of Primary and Secondary Research (IJPSR) is a globally oriented, peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal committed to publishing high-quality and innovative research across primary and secondary disciplines. IJPSR aims to advance knowledge by offering a credible, ethical, and accessible platform for scholars, educators, and researchers worldwide. We emphasize originality, academic rigor, and impactful research that contributes to societal development, policy enhancement, and educational growth. Supported by a strong editorial framework and expert reviewers, IJPSR ensures that every manuscript undergoes a transparent, fair, and quality-driven evaluation process. What Makes IJPSR Unique Rigorous Double-Blind Peer Review ensuring authenticity and academic merit Multidisciplinary Scope covering education, social sciences, management, health sciences, and more Rapid & Author-Friendly Publication with clear timelines and responsive support Global Indexing & Archiving for enhanced visibility and citation reach Ethical Publishing Practices adhering to international guidelines Our Vision To become a leading international platform that promotes innovation, strengthens academic collaboration, and enriches global research through reliable, inclusive, and high-quality scholarly communication. Our Mission To empower researchers by providing an accessible, transparent, and respected journal that bridges the gap between academic research and practical application, fostering a culture of continuous learning and knowledge-sharing. Our Commitment At IJPSR, we are committed to integrity, quality, and excellence. Every published article reflects meticulous review, professional editorial handling, and a dedication to advancing the standards of academic publishing.
Maharaj Singh Educational Research Development Society
Semiconductor-Based Photocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment
Pollution of water has become one of the most pressing environmental issues due to the increasing amount of industrial, agricultural, and household waste dumping. Conventional treatment methods are usually ineffective in treating toxic organic pollutants and new contaminants. Semiconductor photocatalysts have received great attention as a modern and environmentally friendly option of wastewater treatment because of their ability to transform harmful pollutants into non-toxic products utilizing light. Common semiconductor photocatalysts (TiO₂, ZnO, g-C₃N₄, WO₃) have excellent photocatalytic activity, chemical stability, and compatibility with the environment. These materials are able to generate electron-hole pairs under illumination causing the formation of reactive oxygen species that may degrade dyes, drugs, pesticides, and other organic pollutants in wastewater. The advances in nanotechnology, doping, and heterojunction engineering led to the enhancement of the performance of these photocatalysts with visible light. The current paper reviews the functioning, methods of production and characterization, application, advantages and disadvantages, and ways of enhancement of semiconductor photocatalysts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohd Rizwan, Prof. (Dr.) Sandhya Chaudhary (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Entomophagy and Entomotherapy in Arunachal Pradesh, India: Traditional Knowledge, Bioactive Compounds, and Prospects for Drug Discovery
Nature is the ultimate source of all life supporting and lifesaving resources since beginning of human civilizations. Penicillin, aspirin and morphine are the most remarkable example of nature’s gifted medicine to serve human kind. Since Australopithecus, insects are indispensable part of human beings, which impressions can be seen in different ethnic groups as well as in modern society of India, or other parts of developing countries. These ethnic group’s food habit inspired scientists and academicians to discover new natural bioactive compounds for drug discovery which has primarily focused on entomophagy as well as entomotherapy which has been in human practice in conjunction with medicinal plants, that is an important alternative to modern medicine in various parts of the world. North east Indian states are well known for their rich biodiversity of flora and fauna along with the different food habit from rest of the India. They used various insect for nutritional supplements as folk medicine to cure body ailments. Number of edible or useful insects varies from state to state and their tribes too. In Arunachal alone around 200 insect’s species consumed or used in any way by their ethnic people, whereas significantly less in other neighbouring states. Number of insect’s species chosen by the ethnic people on the basis of their traditional belief, knowledge, taste as well as seasonal and regional availability. This review gives an overview and future prospects of current traditional food supplements or taste enhancer and medicinal application of insects and their bioactive compound characterization is summarized here. Most popular insects are ants, beetles, wasps, bugs, termites, moths, flies, cockroaches and many more. Biological activities of natural products obtained from insects contain antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal anticancer and immunomodulatory properties with reference to alkaloids, flavonoids, volatile compounds, Phenolic compounds, polyphenols that are being used by the tribes of Arunachal Pradesh in association with their social and cultural believes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Prveen, Robin Verma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Converting Agricultural Waste into Organic Fertilizers for Sustainable Soil Health
As the use of agricultural waste has risen dramatically in recent years, it has raised concerns regarding environmental issues caused due to the lack of proper disposal methods including practices like uncontrolled landfilling or open-field burning. It cannot only lead to an increase in different greenhouse gases and pollution but also to the depletion of organic resources beneficial for soil quality and fertility. Producing organic fertilizers from agricultural waste can be a sustainable solution since it transforms crop residues, animal manure, fruit and vegetable waste, and various agro-industrial wastes into useful organic fertilizers. The resulting organic fertilizers are said to improve soil structure, water retention, microbial activities, and inclusive macro- and micro-nutrients for healthy growth of plants. The purpose of the project is to examine the variety of agricultural wastes that can be used to manufacture organic fertilizers and evaluate the technologies used to process the wastes. The project can focus on technologies such as composting, vermicomposting, anaerobic digestion, biochar production, and microbial decomposition. Additionally, it includes an analysis of impacts of the produced organic fertilizers in terms of soil characteristics, presence of soil nutrients, agricultural output, and sustainability of the soil for a long time. Furthermore, the project touches upon the benefits of agricultural waste recycling and sustainable agriculture in general, thereby showing the economic, environmental, and social importance of the topic.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hema, Prof. (Dr.) Sandhya Chaudhary (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Kinetic Study of the Hydrolysis of Ethyl Acetate in Different Solvent Media
Hydrolysis of ethyl acetate is one of the most investigated reactions in physical chemistry, since it is seen as an ideal system for studying of reaction kinetics and generation of solvent effects and catalytic mechanisms. This paper studies kinetics of acid catalyzed hydrolysis of ethyacetate in various solvents including distilled water, water-methanol, water-ethanol and water-acetone mixtures. The main goal of the research is to assess the role of solvent polarity in the reaction rate, as well as obtain pseudo-first-order rate constants and activation energy by means of Arrhenius equation. The experiments in the laboratory have been conducted in controlled conditions, where excess water was used for conducting reaction in the way of pseudo-first order kinetics. Hydrochloric acid is selected as the catalyst. Observations of the conducted experiments were made throughout the process of interval sampling and titration with standard sodium hydroxide solutions. The data obtained was analyzed with the assistance of kinetic methods, Arrhenius plots, regression and statistical analysis. The experiments showed high dependency of rate of reaction in the environment of the solvent being used. The highest constant was found for distilled water due to its high value of dielectric constant and hydrogen bond formation ability. Adding organic solvents to the system resulted in slowing down the reaction rate significantly. The order of catalysts in terms of reaction speed is like this: Water > Water-Methanol > Water-Ethanol > Water-Acetone. Thus, the influence of solvent polarity on the transition state as well as kinetics of reaction can be confirmed by the results obtained.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gungun Gupta, Prof. (Dr.) Sandhya Chaudhary (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chemistry-Driven Sustainable Industries Waste Management
The amount of waste produced by people has reached very high levels due to urbanization and industry, and has become more dangerous for the environment, health, and climate. But traditional approaches to solid waste management involve only the collection and disposal of waste and are likely to create more negative effects. Green chemistry embraces modern concepts of waste management that allow preventing waste generation and designing completely safe substances. Only with the help of developments in industry was it possible to boost the economy and employment levels in different regions of the planet, but it brought additional problems such as increased amounts of industrial waste. When disposed of improperly, industrial waste will lead to the contamination of air, soil, and water. Therefore, sustainable waste management is a vital topic for organizations and governments. This research paper will examine the role of the science of chemistry as a means of promoting circumventions of the issue of waste management. The analyzed research is based on secondary information collected from different sources such as scientific journals and articles, books, online resource, and governmental resources. The paper will look at various methods of treating industrial waste used in industries across the globe
Copyright (c) 2026 Swati, Prof. (Dr.) Sandhya Chaudhary (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ecofriendly Iron Nanomaterial for Affordable Arsenic Free Drinking Water
Arsenic in drinking water is a grave environmental and public health concern in several countries – especially India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and parts of South America. Long-term use of arsenic-tainted water leads to skin disorders, cancer, and various heart and brain illnesses. Conventional arsenic remediation techniques are usually not suitable for rural settings as they tend to be costly and complex. Ecofriendly iron nanomaterials have come forth as a highly effective, affordable, and sustainable solution to eliminate arsenic from water. Thanks to their large surface area and high adsorptive capacity, iron nanoparticles represent an effective means of removing arsenic from polluted water. The present work elaborates on the manufacturing, characteristics, mechanism, applications, benefits, shortcomings, and future trends of ecofriendly iron nanomaterials to produce affordable arsenic-free drinking water for rural population.
Copyright (c) 2026 Surbhi, Prof. (Dr.) Sandhya Chaudhary (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Electrochemical Oxidation for Industrial Wastewater Treatment
The field of industrial development has played an important role in economic growth but it has also resulted into massive volumes of waste liquids being released into nature. Effluents from industries dealing with textile, pharmaceuticals, tanneries, paper and pulp manufacturing, petrochemicals, food processing and electro-plating comprise complex mixtures of dyes, phenolic compounds, traces of drugs and pesticides, surfactants, heavy metals and a range of harmful organic contaminants. A number of them have high chemical stability, low biodegradability and toxicity, which activates problems of removal through standard wastewater treatment processes. Classical methods including coagulation-flocculation, adsorption, activated sludge treatment and membrane filtration do not provide a complete removal of persistent pollutants and may generate secondary waste requiring disposal. Electrochemical oxidation (EO) method is regarded as one of the most advanced methods of wastewater treatment because it involves generation of very powerful oxidizing agents in the process of electrolysis. During the process of electrolysis hydroxyl radicals (•OH), active chlorine species, hydrogen peroxide, ozone and sulfate radicals are generated which help in oxidization of difficult-to-treat organic material into CO₂, water and inorganic ions. In contrast to classical methods of wastewater treatment, EO requires only a small amount of chemicals, produces little sludge and can be run under standard ambient conditions and simple reactor design. Recent technological development in electrode materials in particular Boron Doped Diamonds (BDD), Mixed Metal Oxides (MMO), PbO₂, SnO₂, graphite and platinum have led to the increase of pollutants’ degradation quality and decrease of operation constraints. Moreover, the combination of electrochemical processes and methods of photocatalysis, membrane separation, biological treatment and renewable energy sources in one system provides high efficiency of operation. This review gives an evaluation of the basic principles, chemical reactions, electrode materials, operational parameters, industrial applications, recent achievements of technologies, advantages and perspective development of the method in question.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gaurav, Prof. (Dr.) Sandhya Chaudhary (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
श्री रामदेव पशु मेला, नागौरः उद्भव, विकास और वर्तमान परिदृश्य
राज्य में पशुपालन विभाग द्वारा आयोजित 10 राज्य स्तरीय पशु मेलों में सम्मिलित श्री रामदेव पशु मेले नागौर की शुरुआत जोधपुर नरेश महाराजा उम्मेद सिंह के शासन काल में हुई। आजादी से पूर्व इस मेले में लगभग 1 लाख पशुओं की आमद होती थी। वर्तमान में यह मेला मानासर, नागौर में राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग संख्या 65 के समीप भरता हैं। मेले में पशु विपणन के साथ ही पशुपालकों, ग्रामीणों एवं व्यापारियों की रोजमर्रा में काम आने वाली वस्तुओं का अस्थायी बाजार लगता है, साथ ही मेले के पास ही मिर्ची बाजार भी लगता है। मेले के अवसर पर विविध पशु प्रतियोगिताओं एवं सांस्कृतिक कार्यक्रमों का आयोजन होता है। विगत कुछ वर्षों में पशु आमद संख्या घटने के कारण मेले की रौनक खत्म हो रही हैं। मेले के अस्तित्व को बचाने हेतु सरकार को समय रहते समुचित प्रयास करने होंगे, अन्यथा यह मेला आने वाले समय में अपना अस्तित्व खो देगा।
Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Role of Green Chemistry Achieving Climate Justice
Climate change is one of the most pressing challenges of the 21st century and has negatively impacted the lives of vulnerable groups, which causes social, economic, and environmental inequalities. Accordingly, climate justice implies the fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens and equitable access to sustainable resources. Global warming has been targeted by scientists using green chemistry principles, which have been acknowledged and valued for their contribution to sustainable industrial development. Since green chemistry promotes the use of environmentally friendly chemical processes, it helps achieve a lower level of hazardous waste, greenhouse gas emissions, and energy consumption. The current research analyzes the role of green chemistry in climate justice from the standpoint of relevant literature, current technologies, and actual practices. The paper provides an overview of the 12 principles of green chemistry and analyzes their contribution to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, production of renewable energy, development of green catalysts, creation of biodegradable materials, and development of environmental-friendly agricultural and pharmaceutical technologies. The results indicate that attention to the process of green chemistry helps to minimize the level of environmental degradation and eliminate inequality in access to clean technologies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Himanshi Sharma, Prof. (Dr.) Sandhya Chaudhary (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study of Pharmaceutical Organic Compound: Paracetamol
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is one of the most widely used pharmaceutical organic compounds used in the treatment of pain and lowering of temperature. Many times the drug is prescribed for medical reasons and concerns as it is inexpensive yet very effective when a patient uses it according to the recommendations. Paracetamol belongs to the chemical class of para­aminophenol and possesses strong analgesic and antipyretic properties. This paper will summarize the information regarding the chemical structure of paracetamol, its physical-chemical properties, synthesis and manufacturing process, the mechanism of action, medicinal usage, metabolism, toxicity, analysis methods, and recent developments. It will pay particular attention to the application of the analytical methods such as HPLC, UV visible spectroscopy, HPTLC, and electrochemical methods of analysis and monitoring. Moreover, the paper will analyze the environmental issues connected with the pharmaceutical waste and present the ways to solve the issue such as green synthesis, nanotechnology, and sustainable pharmaceutical practices. In conclusion, it may be said that the drug in question is an effective medicine which fits the title of the most useful analgesic and antipyretic drug.
Copyright (c) 2026 Navnit Kumar Singh, Prof. (Dr.) Sandhya Chaudhary (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Advancements in Solar Energy Materials for Sustainable Development and Environmental Justice
The rising need for eco-friendly energy has boosted research into cutting-edge solar materials that can solve the world’s energy problems while minimizing harm to the ecosystem. Due to their capacity to transform plentiful sunlight into clean electric power while releasing low amounts of harmful gases, solar energy technologies have become one of the most suitable renewable energy options. Notable progress has been made in the area of photovoltaic materials by introducing crystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, copper indium gallium selenide, perovskites, organic semiconductors, quantum dots and tandem solar cells leading to an increase of their efficiency, stability, and cost-effectiveness. Apart from technological advancements, sustainable progress requires environmentally aware production, rational use of resources, and good waste management within the lifecycle of solar products. As a result, current research emphasizes “green” synthesis, recyclable materials, circular economy principles, and life-cycle assessment of solar technologies. At the same time, environmental justice appears to be one of the key aspects of renewable energy policy that guarantees access of everyone to the clean energy and creates minimum differences from environmental and social points of view. In this literature review, modern findings in solar energy materials and devices, their characteristics, methods of production, efficiency, sustainability, and prospects are considered. The link between modern solar materials and sustainable development objectives is also studied with a focus on affordable clean energy, climate change issues and responsible resource management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amit Kumar, Prof. (Dr.) Sandhya Chaudhary (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative performance of major potato varieties under different agro-climatic zones of Uttar Pradesh
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a major food and cash crop in India, with Uttar Pradesh (UP) being the leading producer. The state encompasses diverse agro-climatic zones, which significantly influence the performance of potato varieties. This review synthesizes available literature on the comparative performance of major potato cultivars across different agro-climatic regions of Uttar Pradesh. The study highlights the role of genotype × environment interactions, climatic variability, and agronomic practices in determining yield, stability, and adaptability. Findings suggest that no single variety performs uniformly across all zones, emphasizing the importance of region-specific varietal selection for enhancing productivity and sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Deeksha Singh, Ambrish Kumar, Saroj Singh Chahar, Devesh Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bioformulations: A Sustainable Alternative to Agrochemicals for Food Productivity and Security
Bioformulations are carrier-based preparations that improve soil health and plant growth by adding helpful microbes like Rhizobium, Trichoderma, or Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria. Microbial viability, shelf life, and field performance are all determined by the formulation process, which has a significant impact on a bioformulation's effectiveness. The main stages of developing bioformulations are described in this review. Elite microbial strains are first isolated and screened for desired characteristics such as phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, or antagonism against pathogens. To obtain high cell density, certain strains are mass multiplied in appropriate liquid media under ideal pH, temperature, and aeration conditions. After that, the microbial biomass is combined with carrier ingredients that offer nourishment and protection while being stored. Common carriers include peat, lignite, charcoal, vermiculite, and liquid formulations containing glycerol, CMC, or trehalose. To avoid contamination, the formulation step requires maintaining the correct moisture content, pH, and sterility levels. Efficacy is measured in laboratory, pot, and field experiments, with measures such as germination rate, plant biomass, nutrient uptake, yield growth, and disease suppression compared to uninoculated controls. Factors influencing efficacy include the strain's compatibility with the crop, carrier qualities, storage conditions, and soil environment. Recent improvements in encapsulation, lyophilization, and polymer-based formulations have increased bioinoculants' shelf life and stress resistance. Standardized formulation techniques are crucial for bridging the gap between laboratory achievement and farmer adoption of sustainable agriculture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sangeeta Yadav, Suhani, Devesh Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ameliorative Effects of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) on Incense Smoke-Induced Oxidative Stress and Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats
Indoor air pollution caused by incense smoke is a significant health risk, especially in developing countries where incense consumption is heavily influenced by both home and religion. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the potential of broccoli (Brassica oleracea) specific to its ameliorative effects on rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed to incense smoke. The methodology involved three experimental groups designed by exposing each group of rats to incense smoke for an hour every day and providing broccoli extract orally to one of these three groups during a total of 28 days. Liver function was determined using ALT, AST, ALP, total protein, and albumin levels. In addition to using these methods to determine liver function, histological assessment via light microscopy of the liver was conducted to look for any signs of structural liver damage. Increased liver damage occurred within the incense-smoke-exposed group when evaluated via ALT, AST, and ALP levels as compared to the control group. In the incense smoke-exposed rats, there was decreased protein and albumin levels found; these results are consistent with impaired liver function. Additionally, significant liver damage and impairment of structure and function were substantiated histologically by necrosis, degeneration, vacuolization, dilation, and infiltration of inflammatory cells within the liver. Supplementation with broccoli resulted in significant improvements and reductions in rat liver damage. Evaluated using the same parameters (ALT, AST, ALP, total protein, and albumin) as the incense exposure group, rats in the broccoli-treatment group exhibited improvements toward normality. Histologically, cellular damage, inflammatory infiltrates, and structure were also significantly improved when compared to the incense smoke-exposed group. Due to the high quantities of antioxidants such as sulforaphane, flavonoids, and vitamins found in broccoli, it is reasonable to assume that the hepatoprotective effects of broccoli have occurred through the antioxidant potential of these compounds and through enhanced detoxification pathways through direct neutralization of oxidative stress. In conclusion, incense smoke exposure is associated with significant oxidative-stress-mediated hepatotoxicity, while broccoli demonstrates a significant protective effect against oxidative-stress-mediated toxicity, and should be further studied as a natural therapeutic alternative against environmental toxin exposures that cause liver damage
Copyright (c) 2026 Karuna Khirwar, Umesh Shukla (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Experimental Determination of Excitation Functions For Selected Threshold (n,p) Reactions
Fast neutron-induced threshold (n,p) reactions serve as vital instruments in nuclear science due to their wide applications in reactor dosimetry, fusion technology, neutron activation analysis, radiation shielding, and production of medical isotopes. The need for accurate excitation function data is critical to developing nuclear reaction models and validating evaluated nuclear data libraries. The study provided in this paper constitutes a comparison of the excitation functions obtained experimentally for the following threshold reactions: ²⁷Al(n,p)²⁷Mg, ⁵⁶Fe(n,p)⁵⁶ Mn, ⁵⁸Ni(n,p)⁵⁸Co, ⁵⁹Co(n,p)⁵⁹Fe, and ⁶³Cu(n,p)⁶³Ni within the range of energy of fast neutrons that lies between 5 to 20 MeV. Data from experiments were systematically compared with the evaluated nuclear data libraries namely ENDF/B-VIII.1 and TENDL-2023 and also with the theoretical predictions made using the TALYS-1.96 nuclear reaction code. The comparison showed that there was greater agreement with the experimental excitation functions obtained from the ENDF/B-VIII.1 evaluated nuclear data file in relation to the excitation functions of different isotopes. However, the TENDL model was important for those isotopes for which there was insufficient experimental data. The TALYS modeling was able to reproduce the general energy dependence of the reactions studied but with moderate discrepancy around the thresholds and peaks final cross-sections. The study established the need for greater accuracy of experimental methods and the need for regular updates to the evaluated nuclear data libraries.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Manish Gupta (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mathematics is fundamental in various aspects of green energy: energy generation, energy storage, energy distribution, and energy consumption. The most common branches of mathematics are calculus, linear algebra, differential equations, statistics, and optimization. Mathematics provide a diverse avenue for the establishment of green energy technologies. This includes in such areas as predictive modelling, optimization, and data analysis, which are enabling the efficiency and sustainability of green energy systems. Understanding the mathematical aspects should be the focus of any researcher, engineer, and policymaker striving for a cleaner and more sustainable future.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shivesh Mani Tripathee, Pawan Kumar, Sumit Tripathi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Molecular Interactions of Trimethylamine and Toluene in Liquid State at Certain Temperature (250C)
The investigation of molecular interactions in binary liquid mixtures is essential for understanding the physicochemical behavior of solutions used in chemical processing, solvent extraction, and industrial applications. The present study focuses on the analysis of molecular interactions in the binary liquid mixture of trimethylamine and toluene at 25°C (298.15 K) through the determination of experimentally measured thermodynamic, acoustic, and transport properties. Parameters such as density, viscosity, ultrasonic velocity, refractive index, and related excess functions were evaluated over the entire composition range to characterize the nature of intermolecular forces operating between the constituent molecules. From the experimental data, important derived parameters including excess molar volume, isentropic compressibility, intermolecular free length, acoustic impedance, available volume, Rao's constant, Shear's relaxation time, and excess viscosity were calculated to assess deviations from ideal solution behavior. The observed excess functions reveal that the trimethylamine–toluene system exhibits moderate non-ideal characteristics resulting from weak intermolecular interactions. These interactions are primarily attributed to donor–acceptor (n→π) interactions between the lone pair electrons of the nitrogen atom in trimethylamine and the π-electron cloud of toluene, together with dipole-induced dipole and London dispersion forces. The variation of thermo-acoustic parameters with composition indicates changes in molecular packing efficiency, free volume, and structural organization within the liquid mixture. The absence of strong hydrogen bonding suggests that the observed deviations arise mainly from weak electronic interactions and steric effects associated with the molecular geometries of the two components. The experimental results were interpreted using established thermodynamic models to explain the composition-dependent behavior of the system. The present investigation provides valuable information on the molecular association and solution structure of trimethylamine–toluene mixtures and contributes useful thermophysical data for solvent selection, process optimization, molecular simulation, and the design of separation processes involving amines and aromatic hydrocarbons.
Copyright (c) 2025 Km. Rachana Goyal, Dr. Subhash (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Review on Fluoride-Induced Hepato-Renal Toxicity and the Ameliorative Effects of Vitamin D and Tamarindus indica in Albino Rats
The mineralisation of bones and teeth requires fluoride, a trace element. When consumed at acceptable amounts, fluoride helps bones and teeth. Overexposure to fluoride is a global public health hazard due to drinking water contamination, industrial emissions, food sources, and agricultural activities. We estimate that about 200 million people globally are exposed to high fluoride concentrations in endemic fluoride regions including Asia, Africa, and India. Excessive fluoride exposure causes skeletal and dental fluorosis, but emerging evidence suggests it also poisons soft tissues like the liver and kidneys. The liver is the main metabolic and detoxifying organ and the kidneys are the main fluoride excretion organ, therefore they are highly vulnerable to fluoride-induced harm. Experimental data suggest that excessive fluoride exposure causes oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and calcium homeostasis disruption, which leads to high serum hepatic enzyme levels, abnormal renal biomarker levels, lipid peroxidation, endogenous antioxidant enzyme depletion, and many liver and kidney histopathological changes. This is why much study has focused on safe dietary and phytotherapeutic strategies to reduce organ damage from high fluoride intake. Vitamin D's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-apoptotic characteristics may be beneficial. Vitamin D promotes cellular defence systems to protect mitochondria and boost antioxidant capability in addition to regulating calcium and phosphate metabolism. Polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, tartaric acid, vitamins, and minerals are found in tamarind. Many studies show that tamarind has hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, antioxidant, metal-chelating, and anti-inflammatory characteristics that may reduce fluoride-induced oxidative damage. This review summarises the toxicokinetics of fluoride, the molecular mechanisms of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, the biochemical and histopathological changes caused by fluoride, and the protective effects of vitamin D and tamarind. The paper also discusses antioxidant therapy advances, information gaps in both domains, and how to adapt experimental findings into clinical treatment for persistent fluorosis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Shalini Yadav, Dr. Prem Sagar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Release of Ceranisus menes as a Biological Control Agent Against Thrips tabaci on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Under Net House Conditions
Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman) are one of the main pests of tomatoes grown around the world. Adult and nymph life stages of this pest feed on tomato foliage by chewing through foliage to their vascular areas, causing silvering, chlorosis, foliar curling, and reduced photosynthesis, along with stunted plant growth. These injuries cause significant yield losses. T. tabaci also transmits many economically important tospoviruses, which makes its management very difficult on both open field and protected agricultural crops. The use of synthetic insecticides has resulted in insecticide resistance, environmental degradation, and the resurgence of insect pest populations, as well as negative effects on beneficial arthropods. Because of these problems, biologically-based environmentally sustainable control methods have become increasingly important components of integrated pest management programmes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of Ceranisus menes, a larval endoparasitoid, as a biological control agent against T. tabaci in protected agriculture. Four replicate tomato microplots were created with a total of 60 to 120 T. tabaci plot, and C. menes were released at densities of 15, 20, 25, and 30 adults at each release in sequential releases. T. tabaci populations were monitored prior to each C. menes release and again after to assess the percentage reduction of T. tabaci detected following each release. The data showed a clear density-dependent suppression of T. tabaci, with the highest parasitoid release density resulting in the greatest reduction of T. tabaci over time. The data from the cumulative release densities indicated a 60% level of suppression of T. tabaci populations within the high-density release treatment, and moderate levels of significant T. tabaci suppression occurred with the two lower release densities. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that the use of repeated releases of C. menes will substantially suppress T. tabaci populations and keep T. tabaci population densities below economic thresholds of damage in managed agriculture. These results also indicate high potential for C. menes to be an effective replacement for synthetic chemical insecticides used in tomato production systems, which is a safe and environmentally friendly manner. The integration of C. menes into integrated pest management programmes will result in sustainable reductions in the dependence of herbicides on tomato production systems while conserving and improving the populations of beneficial insects and enhancing the ecological sustainability of tomato production systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pooja, Virendra Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Organizational Proposal Ideologies and Incipient Concert Edges of Cation-Engineered Spinel Ferrite Nanocomposites for Gas Sensing
Metal oxide chemiresistors targeting NH₃, H₂S, and NO₂ at occupational and environmental thresholds remain constrained by poor selectivity, elevated operating temperatures, and humidity interference. Spinel ferrite nanocomposites provide two design variables absent from single-composition oxide sensors: ferrite cation-site occupancy and composite junction architecture. The 2015–2024 literature on cation-engineered MFe₂O₄ composites is systematically reviewed across ferrite/metal oxide, ferrite/carbon, ferrite/conducting polymer, and bi-ferrite architectures for NH₃, NO₂, H₂S, ethanol, acetone, and toluene. ZnO/ZnFe₂O₄ hollow nanocages resolved acetone to 1 ppm at 290°C with a response of 25.8, outperforming both isolated phases under identical conditions. Ni substitution produced Fe/Ni-ratio-dependent barrier sensitivity, and Co substitution restricted grain growth at elevated temperatures. Cu substitution altered composite morphology and carrier transport through partner-phase-dependent mechanisms. Ferrite/carbon composites achieved 0.02 ppm acetone at room temperature but showed unstable long-term performance. Ferrite/polymer composites operated at room temperature but degraded above 150°C. Bi-ferrite heterojunctions carry no indexed chemiresistive sensing data. No study in the reviewed period connects verified A/B-site cation occupancy to composite junction behaviour and sensing outcome within a single controlled experiment. Zn/Ni co-doped ferrite composites with Mössbauer-confirmed occupancy, systematic ratio variation, and humidity-controlled sensing represent the primary unresolved experimental target in cation-engineered composite sensing.
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Primary and Secondary Research (IJPSR) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Protective Efficacy of Vitamin E Against Triazine-Induced Hepatic Damage in Freshwater Fish Channa punctatus (Bloch.)
The widespread use of triazine herbicides in modern agriculture has resulted in increasing contamination of aquatic ecosystems, posing significant risks to non-target aquatic organisms, particularly fish. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the hepatotoxic effects of triazine herbicide exposure on the freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch.) and to investigate the protective efficacy of Vitamin E against pesticide-induced liver damage. Healthy fish were exposed to a sublethal concentration of triazine herbicide for 30 days, while a separate treatment group received dietary supplementation of Vitamin E in addition to triazine exposure. Hepatic toxicity was assessed through biochemical analyses of liver function biomarkers, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total protein, albumin, globulin, and bilirubin. Histopathological examination of liver tissues was also performed to evaluate structural alterations. The results revealed significant increases in ALT, AST, ALP, ACP, LDH, and bilirubin levels in triazine-exposed fish compared with the control group, indicating severe hepatocellular damage and impaired liver function. Conversely, total protein, albumin, and globulin concentrations were significantly reduced, reflecting disruption of hepatic synthetic activity. Histological observations further confirmed liver injury, characterized by hepatocellular degeneration, cytoplasmic vacuolation, nuclear pyknosis, sinusoidal dilation, congestion, and disorganization of hepatic cords. These findings demonstrate that triazine exposure induces substantial biochemical and structural alterations in the liver of Channa punctatus. Vitamin E supplementation markedly ameliorated the toxic effects of triazine by restoring altered biochemical parameters toward normal levels and reducing the severity of histopathological lesions. The antioxidant properties of Vitamin E likely contributed to the stabilization of cellular membranes, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and reduction of oxidative stress-induced tissue damage. Improved hepatic architecture and recovery of liver function biomarkers in the Vitamin E-treated group further confirmed its hepatoprotective potential. triazine herbicide causes significant hepatotoxicity in Channa punctatus, whereas Vitamin E provides effective protection against pesticide-induced liver damage. The study highlights the importance of antioxidant-based interventions in mitigating environmental toxicant-induced stress and provides valuable insights into the management of pesticide contamination in aquatic ecosystems.
Effects of Pesticide Contamination on Fish Health and Aquatic Biodiversity
Remote Sensing Increasing utilization of agricultural pesticides is leading to severe contamination of aquatic animals particularly fish. The present study is aimed at inducing toxic action of organophosphate pesticide Malathion on fish, Channa Punctatus specifically in the context of hematological, biochemical, oxidative stress and histological aspect. Fishes were treated with Malathion the sub lethal fraction and were studied at different intervals (7, 14, 21, and 28 days). Physiological response was determined. The fish showed anemia and low transport of oxygen is ascertained by the decrease in Hb and RBC's count Leucocytosis, the increased WBC's count is seemingly an immune reaction to the toxic stress. A significant increase was observed in liver enzymes, ALT, AST and ALP indicating hepatocellular damage and disturbance in metabolism. Detection of oxidative damage was inferred from an increased ROS and LPO (MDA) with a highly significant decreased SOD, CAT and GPx. Histopathological study revealed damage in the tissues of liver, gills and kidney shown by necrosis, lamellar fusion and tubular degeneration.Thus Channa Punctatus was a victim of toxic action from Malathion by various physiological pathways
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Primary and Secondary Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artificial Intelligence for Automated Wildlife Population Estimation
Accurate estimation of wildlife populations is essential for biodiversity conservation, ecological management, and sustainable ecosystem maintenance. Traditional wildlife population estimation techniques such as direct observation, mark-recapture methods, line transects, and aerial surveys are often labor-intensive, time-consuming, costly, and prone to observational errors. Recent advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have significantly transformed wildlife monitoring and population assessment methodologies. AI-based technologies including machine learning, deep learning, computer vision, remote sensing, drones, and automated image recognition systems provide efficient, rapid, and highly accurate tools for estimating wildlife populations across diverse ecosystems. The present review explores the applications of Artificial Intelligence in automated wildlife population estimation and highlights the importance of AI-driven technologies in modern conservation biology. AI-enabled camera traps, acoustic sensors, thermal imaging systems, and satellite imagery are increasingly used for species detection, counting, behavioral analysis, and habitat monitoring. Deep learning algorithms facilitate automated processing of large ecological datasets, reducing human effort and improving analytical precision. AI also supports predictive population modeling, migration analysis, anti-poaching surveillance, and ecosystem management. Despite significant advancements, challenges such as limited datasets, technological costs, environmental variability, and ethical concerns continue to affect large-scale implementation, particularly in developing regions. The study further discusses future prospects of integrating AI with conservation science for sustainable biodiversity management. Overall, Artificial Intelligence represents a revolutionary and innovative approach for enhancing wildlife population estimation and strengthening global conservation efforts.
Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Wildlife Conservation and Biodiversity Monitoring
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology in wildlife conservation and biodiversity monitoring. Increasing anthropogenic pressures, habitat destruction, climate change, poaching, and declining species populations have created an urgent need for advanced and efficient conservation strategies. Traditional biodiversity assessment and wildlife monitoring techniques are often labor-intensive, time-consuming, and limited in large-scale applications. AI-based technologies such as machine learning, deep learning, computer vision, remote sensing, bioacoustics analysis, and predictive ecological modeling are increasingly being utilized to overcome these limitations. The present review highlights the diverse applications of AI in wildlife conservation, including automated species identification, habitat mapping, population estimation, anti-poaching surveillance, animal behavior analysis, disease prediction, and climate change assessment. AI-driven camera traps, drones, satellite imagery, and acoustic sensors have significantly improved real-time monitoring and ecological data analysis. Furthermore, AI contributes to conservation decision-making through predictive modeling and ecosystem management. Despite its advantages, challenges such as limited datasets, high implementation costs, ethical concerns, and technological accessibility remain significant barriers in developing countries. The study also discusses future prospects of AI integration with conservation biology, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration among zoologists, ecologists, computer scientists, and policymakers. Overall, AI offers innovative and sustainable solutions for protecting biodiversity and conserving wildlife resources in the modern era.
Spatial-Temporal Variations of Water Quality Parameters and Its Health Risks Assessment
The current study is an examination of the spatial and temporal changes in water quality parameters and assessment of the corresponding risk on human health in the regions affected by industrial, agricultural and residential activities. Water samples have been taken in three seasons, pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon and analyzed in terms of physicochemical parameters and heavy metals according to the standards of APHA (2017). When GIS was used in spatial interpolation, there was the determination of the major contamination hotspots especially in industrial and agricultural areas. The findings of the Water Quality Index (WQI) showed that a large percentage of samples were in poor to very poor categories, which showed that the quality of water was generally degraded. The use of the USEPA models in human health risk assessment showed that heavy metals, including Pb, Cd, Cr, and As, were non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic and therefore had a greater risk to children whose values were often too high to be acceptable. The paper highlights the importance of systematic monitoring, regulatory interventions and sustainable water management practices to reduce the health risks and the need to protect the water resources.
A Study of Contaminated Soil in Urban Area of Aligarh and Reduction of Heavy Metals Using Phytoremediation Method
Contamination of soil in the urban areas has been a major environmental problem among the fast industrializing cities in India. In the Aligarh urban area which has a high density of industrial activities, metal-based workshops, automotive emissions and unchecked disposal of wastes, heavy metals including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) have been found to be accumulated significantly. Such pollutants are very dangerous to human health, the stability of the ecology and the productiveness of the soil as they are not biodegradable and are persistent. This paper examines the levels of the metal-pollution of 110 soil samples representing different industrial, road, waste-dump, and residential areas in Aligarh, and quantifies these metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The study also assesses the efficacy of phytoremediation by growing 3 species of hyperaccumulator plants Brassica juncea, Helianthus annuus, and Vetiveria zizanioides in 60 days in polluted soil. The findings suggest that the majority of samples are of moderate to high contamination with chromium, lead, and nickel indicating a high level of contamination. The phytoremediation experiments showed that the levels of metals were reduced significantly, which proved the ability of the plant-based remediation as an efficient, cost-effective and sustainable approach to restore the soil. The researchers recommend the use of phytoremediation as a long-term remedy in alleviating heavy-metal pollution in urban settings and should be incorporated in the city ecology planning in Aligarh.
Climate Change Impacts on Freshwater Ecosystems: Emerging Challenges and Adaptation Strategies
Water quality, temperature, flow regime, and mixing/stratification dynamics all have a significant impact on the biological structure of freshwater ecosystems. These systems are therefore among the most vulnerable to climate change. Rivers, lakes, wetlands, and groundwater-dependent habitats are examples of freshwater ecosystems. Climate change is changing inland waters through increased hydro-climatic extremes (droughts and floods), heatwaves, altered seasonality of precipitation and runoff, and warming (2015–2025). The effects of these modifications on salinization, dissolved oxygen, nutrient cycle, and harmful algal blooms are extensive. Lakes are increasingly viewed as climate sentinels due to their consistent physical responses, which include warmer surface waters, earlier and longer stratification seasons, and shorter ice durations. Hypoxia, internal nutrient loading, and a higher likelihood of cyanobacterial blooms can result from these alterations. Rivers and streams are impacted by warming channel waters, reduced summer baseflows in many places, more intense high-flow events, and an increasing predominance of extremes over mean trends. These factors then have an effect on habitat availability, connectivity, and contaminant concentrations. Climate change is a "threat multiplier," intensifying the effects of pre-existing pressures such as invasive species, habitat fragmentation, and nutrient pollution, and often triggering linear and threshold reactions, according to recent evaluations. Exposure to increasing maximum water temperatures is a major hazard pathway for freshwater fishes globally, and tracking the climate is challenging due to dispersal constraints in fragmented river networks. This review synthesizes adaptation strategies, such as restoration of connectivity, rehabilitation of riparian and floodplain areas, protection of climate refugia, co-management of water and quality, adaptive governance supported by improved monitoring, and environmental flows, and critically compares findings across ecosystem types and taxa from basin to site scales. It also highlights research gaps and uncertainties (such as attribution in multi-stressor contexts, thresholds, and small-water monitoring). Adaptation should be designed for extremes and cumulative pressures in addition to average changes.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Primary and Secondary Research (IJPSR) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Health, social, along with dietary Risks of Junk Food Consumption: Assessing Advantages and Disadvantages in Contemporary dietary habits
One of the most important things designed for an extensive life is to "eat healthily then live healthily. "Sadly, the world of today has acclimated to a food consumption arrangement that has a figure of disadvantageous health implications. We are under so much pressure to modify our lifestyles that we hardly have time to consider whether the food whatever people are eating is healthful! The rise of cities and globalization have had a profound effect on dietary choices, compelling a majority to consume expensive, calorie-loaded fast meals also known as "junk food." Unfortunately, the measures put in place to avoid such foods that are packed with calories are not as beneficial as they need to be, despite studies investigating the possible negative health consequences of doing so. The intake of unhealthy junk food is one of the major contributing causes to the significant increase in diseases like diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease in emerging nations. The widespread issue of junk food intake and its detrimental effects on health requires attention and health education, which may significantly help restrict its consumption and transition to healthier eating practices for a higher quality of life. Knowledge emphasizing dietary habits, nutritious qualities, the nutritional value of dangerous meals, their influence on wellness, along with preventive strategies must be given in order to increase consciousness while offering healthcare advice for a change to nutritious eating habits.
Cadmium and Nickel Contamination in the Kali River and Its Ecotoxicological Impact on Hepatic and Hematological Health of Channa punctatus (Bloch.)
Cadmium and nickel contamination in freshwater ecosystems has become a significant environmental issue, mainly because these metals stick around for a long time, accumulate in living organisms, and can be toxic to aquatic life. The Kali River in western Uttar Pradesh, India, is particularly affected, receiving a mix of industrial, agricultural, and municipal waste that raises the levels of these metals. This review pulls together existing research on where these metals come from, how they spread, and their harmful effects on Channa punctatus, a fish often used as a bioindicator. It highlights how these metals accumulate in the fish, the oxidative stress they cause in the liver, and the changes in blood health due to exposure. Cadmium and nickel can mess with the fish's antioxidant defenses, increase harmful reactive oxygen species, and lead to liver damage, while also causing anemia and weakening the immune system. These health issues pose risks not just to the fish but also to the stability of their populations and the overall health of the ecosystem. Plus, the accumulation of these metals in edible fish tissues raises concerns for human consumers. The review emphasizes the need to include biochemical and hematological markers in regular monitoring to better understand heavy metal pollution and improve river management strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Review of Intelligent Environmental Monitoring Systems Leveraging IoT and Machine Learning in the Context of Smart Education
help improve the learning experience and create healthier, more sustainable places for students. This review looks at the newest ideas, trends, and developments in envi-ronmental monitoring technologies that use the Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine Learn-ing (ML) in smart education environments. These systems collect and analyze real-time data on factors like temperature, humidity, air quality, and noise levels. This helps create learning spaces that can change and adapt, use energy more efficiently, and support student health and well-being.The review brings together recent studies on different parts of these systems, including how they are designed, the types of sensors used, how data is shared and processed, and the smart systems that make decisions.It also explains how Machine Learning helps pre-dict what might happen and detect problems early, which allows schools to manage their en-vironment more effectively. The review also discusses some main challenges, such as pro-tecting student data, making sure the systems can grow and work with existing school setups, and the need for common standards and rules.Overall, this review shows how smart environ-mental monitoring can make a big difference in creating smarter, more responsive, and inclu-sive learning environments.It also suggests where future research could go to encourage more innovation and help these technologies be used in many different types of schools and learn-ing environments.